Sources of Ignition. Native Americans: Significant impact probably for less than 5,000 years. What happened before that? Natural: In 25 years, only 2 lightning fires have been recorded in the Santa Monica Mountains. (Photo of Yahi Indian, Ishi)
Natural systems adapted and survived for millions of years before humans ever entered the scene. Fire was used in aboriginal times to modify the environment in a way that best suited survival needs. The historic observation that some Native Americans used fire to modify the landscape does not mean it is something we should emulate today.
The best fire history data we have applies to conifer forests using fire scar dendrochronology (tree ring studies). This information does not allow us to distinguish between anthropogenic (human caused) or lightning caused ignitions. So it is extremely difficult to determine the frequency or impact of Native American burning.
However, despite such limitations, it is still possible to conclude that in certain forests with high lightning frequencies, Native Americans had little, if any, significant impact. In those systems, modern fire suppression, over grazing, and past logging practices have created excessive fuel loading problems and an effort to return them to more natural conditions with fire is a reasonable goal.
In contrast, the relative impact of Native American burning in the coastal portions of California was probably quite significant. Ethnographic studies and other historical documents show that California Indians were responsible for extensive burning and type-conversion of chaparral and other shrublands to grasslands in order to increase favored game species, protect themselves from predators (the favored habitat of the California grizzly bear was chaparral), and as a tool of warfare. They almost certainly increased fire frequencies over what was naturally possible due to lightning. For example, in the 153,000 acre Santa Monica Mountain National Recreation Area only 2 lightning fires have been recorded over the past 25 years.
Ecosystems within the coastal region of Southern California were likely the most heavily impacted by Native American burning and may have ultimately set the stage for the successful spread of invasive European grasses in the early 1800's. Southern California oak savannas in the past, such as those seen along US Highway 101 between Lompoc and San Luis Obispo, were likely covered by an understory of sage scrub, not grass as we see today. Native Americans probably began the elimination of sage scrub in favor of grass in these areas by burning, a process that was accelerated by Spanish and American ranching activity. Suggestions that Native American burning activity was an essential and natural part of the oak woodland environment are not reasonable when the ecosystem thrived for millions of years before the arrival of human beings on the North American continent. In fact, the gradual disappearance of oaks we have witnessed over the last century likely began with the appearance of humans in California thousands of years ago.
The important point is that Indian burning practices were performed to modify the landscape in an artificial manner and probably resulted in the elimination of large tracts of native shrubland communities.
This is not the type of pattern we should be emulating if our desire is to preserve and protect California’s remaining distinctive ecosystems. Each has its own, unique fire regime and each can be easily compromised if fire is used inappropriately. In addition, we must contend with the invasion and continued expansion of alien weed species (especially grasses) into native ecosystems due to disturbance and shorter fire return intervals. This threat did not exist for Native Americans.
Some have also claimed Native Americans used "controlled burning" to prevent large wildfires. Evidence for Native American burning is for localized management within a half-day’s walk from villages, not that they were able to reduce the severity and frequency of uncontrolled wildfires. There is little reason to believe Native Americans could prevent the occurrence of large wildfires on the broader landscape. Indeed, one ethnographic report is of a massive wildfire in San Diego County prior to the time of European contact that resulted in a significant migration of Native American residents to the desert.
It should be noted that decades ago fire agencies replaced the term "controlled burns" with “prescribed burns” in part because of the recognition that these fires often escape control. First-hand experience has demonstrated that trying to “control” a wildland fire is problematic at best, especially under unpredictable weather conditions that frequent southern California. Such would likely have been the case with Native Americans as well, especially since they didn't have the vast fire suppression forces available today.
The notion that establishing a Native American burning regime will prevent catastrophic fires is demonstrably incorrect based on the 2007 re-burning of approximately 100,000 acres scorched in Southern California during the 2002 and 2003 fires. Instead of basing fire management practices on incomplete records from prehistory, we need to look forward and formulate plans based on fire science.
In Southern California, fire frequencies continue to increase with our growing population. Adding more fire to a landscape that already suffers from too much is neither desirable for the natural resources nor a realistic option for preventing catastrophic fires.
First European settlers tried to push them out of the way. Then the United States Government tried to exterminate their cultural identity, with a significant faction encouraging genocide. By the 1960's it seemed everyone wanted to be an "Indian." Now, after hard fought legal victories securing traditional hunting and fishing rights and regaining stolen land, in addition to newly gained wealth derived from gaming activities, predjudice is rising up again against American's original inhabitants. It's time to get educated.
Start here by reading the two books listed to the right. The first, "Neither Wolf nor Dog" by Kent Nerburn, gives an excellent account of how the Lakota (Souix) see the dominant society today and how different the Native American perspective really is on a variety of issues (the land, nature, spirituality, ownership, and junk cars).
The second book, "Blood Struggle" by Charles Wilkinson, is an outstanding description of the past 75 years of Native American efforts to regain both their rights and their sovereignty.
Another book with a very special message is "Nature's Way" by Ed McGaa (Eagle Man). Ed is a Lakota who eloquently describes how to reconnect to the North American natural environment from the perspective of those who knew how to do it first.
